Introduction
- Type de publi. : Chapître d'ouvrage
- Date de publi. : 01/08/2024
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Auteurs :
T. BoyerJ. BlundenR. DunnMelanie AdesRobert AdlerSusheel AdusumilliW. AgyakwahSomayeh AhmadpourLaura AldecoMichael AlexanderMihai AlexeEric AlfaroRichard AllanAdam AllgoodLincoln AlvesJorge AmadorDillon AmayaCharles AmoryJohn AndersonB. AndradeLiss Marie AndreassenO. AnnevilleYasuyuki AonoAnthony ArguezDolores Armenteras PascualCarlo ArosioElizabeth AsherJohn AugustineGrinia AvalosCesar Azorin-MolinaOscar Baez-VillanuevaRebecca BaimanThomas BallingerAlison BanwellM. Yu. BardinJ. BarichivichSandra BarreiraRebecca BeadlingMarc BeaucheminHylke BeckEmily BeckerBrian BeckleyE. BekeleNicolas BellouinAngela BenedettiChristine BerneLogan BernerGermar BernhardUma BhattSiiri BigalkePeter BissolliJarle BjerkeEric BlakeJosh BlanninStephen BlenkinsopOliver BochníčekOlivier BockXavier BodinOlivier BonteMichael BosilovichOlivier BoucherJason BoxDeniz BozkurtBrian BrettschneiderFrancis BringasMike BrubakerStefan BuehlerBrandon BukuntDavid BurgessAmy ButlerMichael ByrneBlanca CalderónSuzana CamargoJayaka CampbellDiego CamposFabrizio CappucciLaura CarreaBrendan CarterRandall CervenyIvona CetinićDon ChambersDuo ChanElise ChandlerKai-Lan ChangCandice CharltonJack ChenLin ChenLijing ChengVincent ChengLucy ChisholmHanne ChristiansenJohn ChristyEui-Seok ChungLaura CiastoLeonardo ClarkeKyle ClemScott ClinganCaio A.S. CoelhoMelanie Coldewey-EgbersSteve ColwellOwen CooperRichard CornesKris CorreaFelipe CostaCurt CoveyLawrence CoyJean-François CrétauxTheresa CrimminsMolly CrotwellJoshua CulpepperAna CunhaDiego CusicanquiRajashree DattaSean DavisRichard de JeuJos de LaatPranab DebBertrand DecharmeDoug DegensteinReynald DelaloyeChris DerksenHoward DiamondElizabeth DigangiS. DindyalDmitry DivineMartin DokulilMarkus DonatShenfu DongWouter DorigoCaroline Drost JensenMatthew DruckenmillerMarcel Du PlessisDiane DucheminHilary DuganDashkhuu DulamsurenImke DurreGeoff DuttonGregory DuveillerCraig Earl-SpurrPaola Echeverría GarcésMithat EkiciAlesksandra Elias CherequeShane ElipotM. ElkharrimHoward EpsteinJ.C. EspinozaThomas EstilowNicole EstrellaSinead FarrellNicolas FauchereauRobert FaustoRichard FeelyChris FenimoreDavid FeredayDenise FernandezXavier FettweisVitali FioletovJohannes FlemmingCaitlyn FlorentineChris FogartyRyan FogtBruce ForbesMichael FosterBryan FranzThomas FrederikseHelen FrickerStacey FrithLucien FroidevauxGerald FrostShanshan FuYao FuMartin FüllekrugCatherine GanterMeng GaoJudith GarforthJay GargSebastian GerlandArtur GevorgyanDonata GiglioSarah GilleJohn GilsonKarin GleasonNadine GobronSophie GodinMarlos GoesStanley GoldenbergJulio Gómez CamachoYolanda González HernándezSteven GoodmanAtsushi GotoGarrett GrahamAlice GrimmJens-Uwe GrooßAlexander GruberGuojun GuMauro GuglielminSebastian HahnLeopold HaimbergerS. HakmiBrad HallBenjamin HamlingtonEdward HannaInger Hanssen-BauerMerritt HarlanDaniel HarnosI. HarrisQiong HeMáret HeattaRichard HeimDeborah HemmingStefan HendricksJ. HicksHugo HidalgoMartin HirschiShu-Peng (ben) HoWill HobbsRobert HolzworthRadley HortonFilip HrbáčekGuojie HuZeng-Zhen HuBoyin HuangHongjie HuangDale HurstIolanda IalongoAntje InnessKetil IsaksenMasayoshi IshiiMichael JacoxGerardo JadraPiyush JainAnnika JersildJelmer JeuringSvetlana JevrejevaGensuo JiaViju JohnWilliam JohnsBjørn JohnsenBryan JohnsonGregory JohnsonP. JonesSimon JoseyG. JumauxRobert JunodAndreas KääbK. KabidiJohannes KaiserLars KaleschkeViktor KaufmannAmin Fazl KazemiLinda KellerAndreas Kellerer-PirklbauerMichael KendonJohn KennedyYelena KhalatyanValentina KhanSergey KhaykinMai Van KhiemRichard KiddRachel KillickSeong-Joong KimTyler KingZak KiplingMegan Kirchmeier-YoungPhilip KlotzbachJohn KnaffJack KohlerAkash KoppaNatalia KorshunovaBenjamin KraemerNatalya KramarovaJessica KromerA. KrugerArun KumarMikael KuuselaR. Sofia La FuenteAlo LaasZachary LabeRick LaderLeslie LaitMónika LakatosKaisa LakkalaHoang Phuc LamXin LanPeter LandschützerChris LandseaKathleen LantzJeff LapierreMark LaraWaldo Lavado-CasimiroDavid LaversMatthew LazzaraThierry LeblancSimon LeeTsz-Cheung LeeEric LeibenspergerChris LennardEric LeulietteMichelle L’heureuxJan LieserBen LileyI-I LinChao LiuYakun LiuY. LoRicardo LocarniniNorman LoebBryant LoomisHosmay LopezAndrew LorreyDiego LoyolaSusan LozierRui LuBartłomiej LuksRick LumpkinJing-Jia LuoKari LuojusJohn LymanMatthew MacanderMichael MacferrinGraeme MacgilchristMichelle MaclennanAndrew MageeFlorence MagninRúna Í. MagnússonJostein MamenKen MankoffGloria ManneyJose MarengoMohammadi MarjanAndreas MarouchosRodney MartinezRobert MassomShin-Ichiro MatsuzakiTom MatthewsMichael MayerC. McbrideMichael MccarthyClive McmahonTim McvicarCarl MearsBrooke MedleyWalter MeierAdeme MekonnenAnnette MenzelChristopher MerchantLeo-Juhani MerioMark MerrifieldMichael MeyerTristan MeyersDavid MikolajczykJohn MillerCaitlin MinneyDiego MirallesAlexey MishonovGary MitchumBen MoatAurel MoiseJorge Molina-CarpioPaul MontesanoStephan MontzkaRonald MoodyTwila MoonNatali MoraColin MoriceIsamu MorinoA. MostafaThomas MoteIvan MrekajLawrence MudrykRobi MuharsyahJens MühleRolf MüllerD. NanceChristopher NeighR. Steven NeremPaul NewmanJulien NicolasJeannette NoetzliBen NollTaylor NortonKelsey NylandJohn O’keefeMitsuho OeYuka OkunakaAlexander OrlikTim OsbornJames OverlandFinnur PálssonMark ParringtonRichard PaschReynaldo Pascual RamírezLinda PatersonCécile PelletMauri PeltoRenellys PerezDonald PerovichKyle PetersenIrina PetropavlovskikhAlek PettyAlexandre PezzaLuciano PezziCoda PhillipsGareth PhoenixDon PiersonIzidine PintoIvenis PitaMichael PittsStephen Po-ChedleyPaolo PogliottiKristin PoinarLorenzo PolvaniAmos PoratWolfgang PreimesbergerColin PriceSarah PurkeyWilly QuispeAndrea RamosWilliam RandelMarilyn RaphaelColin RaymondJames ReaganPhillip ReidSamuel RémyHans ResslLucrezia RicciardulliAndrew RichardsonRobert RickerPatricia RiveraDavid RobinsonM. RobjhonMatthew RodellEsteban Rodriguez GuisadoNemesio Rodríguez-FernándezMaarit RoebelingCassandra RogersP. RohiniVladimir RomanovskyJosyane RonchailMatthew RosencransKaren RosenlofBenjamin RösnerAlexei RozanovJozef RozkošnýOlga RusanovskayaThis RutishauserC. SabeeraliRyan SaidTetsu SakaiRoberto SalinasAhira Sánchez-LugoMichelle SanteeLouis SassKanako SatoParnchai SawaengphokhaiA. SayouriTheodore ScambosJohan SchellerVerena SchenzingerRobert SchlegelClaudia SchmidMartin SchmidCarl SchreckCristina SchulzZ. SegeleSonia SeneviratneSerhat SensoyJi-In SeongJulieta Serna CuencaMark SerrezeFumi SezakiXi ShaoSapna SharmaJia-Rui ShiLei ShiNikolay ShiklomanovSvetlana ShimaraevaRyuichiro ShinoharaR. ShuklaEugene SilowAdrian SimmonsDavid SmeedAdam SmithBenjamin SmithRyan SmithSharon SmithBrian SodenViktoria SofievaLogan SoldoEveraldo SouzaJacqueline Spence-HemmingsSandra SpillaneO. SreejithA. SrivastavaJr.Paul StackhouseSharon StammerjohnRyan StaufferWolfgang SteinbrechtAndrea SteinerJose StellaTannecia StephensonLaura StevensPaul StoyPietro StradiottiDmitry StreletskiyThea SukiantoTove SvendbyWilliam SweetGhassan TahaKiyotoshi TakahashiKazuto TakemuraMichael TaylorMarco TedescoStephen ThackerayW. ThiawEmmanuel ThibertSandy ThomallaRichard ThomanPhilip ThompsonLaura ThomsonThorsteinn ThorsteinssonXiangshan Tian-KunzeMary-Louise TimmermansMaxim TimofeyevHans TømmervikKleareti TourpaliKatja TrachteBlair TrewinJoaquin TriñanesSarat Chandra TripathyEmma TronquoAdrian TrotmanRyan TruchelutLuke TruselKatherine TurnerMari TyeJohn UehlingRonald van der ARoderick van der LindenRobin van der SchalieGerard van der SchrierCédric van MeerbeeckArnold van VlietAhad VazifePiet VerburgJean-Paul VernierIsaac VimontR. VirasamiKatrina VirtsSebastián ViveroDenis VolkovHolger VömelRussell VoseChristine WaiglJohn WalshBin WangHui WangMuyin WangRay WangRik WanninkhofTaran WarnockMark WeberMelinda WebsterAdrian WehrléRobert WellerToby WestberryMatthew WidlanskyDavid WieseJeannette WildKate WillettEarle WilliamsJosh WillisGabriel WolkenTakmeng WongKimberly WoodRichard Iestyn WoolwayBert WoutersFrancis WuDedi YangXungang YinZiqi YinLisan YuZhenzhong ZengHuai-Min ZhangPeiqun ZhangLin ZhaoFeng ZhongZhiwei ZhuJerry ZiemkeMarkus ZieseRuxandra ZottaCheng-Zhi Zou
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Organismes :
Météo-France
Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales
Centre national de recherches météorologiques
Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère
Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace
Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère
Océan et variabilité du climat
Résumé : Abstract —J. Blunden and T. Boyer. In 2023, La Niña conditions that generally prevailed in the eastern Pacific Ocean from mid-2020 into early 2023 gave way to a strong El Niño by October. Atmospheric concentrations of Earth’s major greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all increased to record-high levels. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere rose to 419.3±0.1 ppm, which is 50% greater than the pre-industrial level. The growth from 2022 to 2023 was 2.8 ppm, the fourth highest in the record since the 1960s. The combined short-term effects of El Niño and the long-term effects of increasing levels of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere contributed to new records for many essential climate variables reported here. The annual global temperature across land and oceans was the highest in records dating as far back as 1850, with the last seven months (June–December) having each been record warm. Over land, the globally averaged temperature was also record high. Dozens of countries reported record or near-record warmth for the year, including China and continental Europe as a whole (warmest on record), India and Russia (second warmest), and Canada (third warmest). Intense and widespread heatwaves were reported around the world. In Vietnam, an all-time national maximum temperature record of 44.2°C was observed at Tuong Duong on 7 May, surpassing the previous record of 43.4°C at Huong Khe on 20 April 2019. In Brazil, the air temperature reached 44.8°C in Araçuaí in Minas Gerais on 20 November, potentially a new national record and 12.8°C above normal. The effect of rising temperatures was apparent in the cryosphere, where snow cover extent by June 2023 was the smallest in the 56-year record for North America and seventh smallest for the Northern Hemisphere overall. Heatwaves contributed to the greatest average mass balance loss for Alpine glaciers around the world since the start of the record in 1970. Due to rapid volume loss beginning in 2021, St. Anna Glacier in Switzerland and Ice Worm Glacier in the United States disappeared completely. In August, as a direct result of glacial thinning over the past 20 years, a glacial lake on a tributary of the Mendenhall Glacier in Alaska burst through its ice dam and caused unprecedented flooding on Mendenhall River near Juneau. Across the Arctic, the annual surface air temperature was the fourth highest in the 124-year record, and summer (July–September) was record warm. Smaller-than-normal snow cover extent in May and June contributed to the third-highest average peak tundra greenness in the 24-year record. In September, Arctic minimum sea ice extent was the fifth smallest in the 45-year satellite record. The 17 lowest September extents have all occurred in the last 17 years. In Antarctica, temperatures for much of the year were up to 6°C above average over the Weddell Sea and along coastal Dronning Maud Land. The Antarctic Peninsula also experienced well-above-average temperatures during the 2022/23 melt season, which contributed to its fourth consecutive summer of above-average surface melt. On 21 February, Antarctic sea ice extent and sea ice area both reached all-time lows, surpassing records set just a year earlier. Over the course of the year, new daily record-low sea ice extents were set on 278 days. In some instances, these daily records were set by a large margin, for example, the extent on 6 July was 1.8 million km 2 lower than the previous record low for that day. Across the global oceans, the annual sea surface temperature was the highest in the 170-year record, far surpassing the previous record of 2016 by 0.13°C. Daily and monthly records were set from March onward, including an historic-high daily global mean sea surface temperature of 18.99°C recorded on 22 August. Approximately 94% of the ocean surface experienced at least one marine heatwave in 2023, while 27% experienced at least one cold spell. Globally averaged ocean heat content from the surface to 2000-m depth was record high in 2023, increasing at a rate equivalent to ∼0.7 Watts per square meter of energy applied over Earth’s surface. Global mean sea level was also record high for the 12th consecutive year, reaching 101.4 mm above the 1993 average when satellite measurements began, an increase of 8.1±1.5 mm over 2022 and the third highest year-over-year increase in the record. A total of 82 named tropical storms were observed during the Northern and Southern Hemispheres’ storm seasons, below the 1991–2020 average of 87. Hurricane Otis became the strongest landfalling hurricane on record for the west coast of Mexico at 140 kt (72 m s −1 ), causing at least 52 fatalities and $12–16 billion U.S. dollars in damage. Freddy became the world’s longest-lived tropical cyclones on record, developing into a tropical cyclone on 6 February and finally dissipating on 12 March. Freddy crossed the full width of the Indian Ocean and made one landfall in Madagascar and two in Mozambique. In the Mediterranean Sea—outside of traditional tropical cyclone basins—heavy rains and flooding from Storm Daniel killed more than 4300 people and left more than 8000 missing in Libya. The record-warm temperatures in 2023 created conditions that helped intensify the hydrological cycle. Measurements of total-column water vapor in the atmosphere were the highest on record, while the fraction of cloud area in the sky was the lowest since records began in 1980. The annual global mean precipitation total over land surfaces for 2023 was among the lowest since 1979, but global one-day maximum totals were close to average, indicating an increase in rainfall intensity. In July, record-high areas of land across the globe (7.9%) experienced extreme drought, breaking the previous record of 6.2% in July 2022. Overall, 29.7% of land experienced moderate or worse categories of drought during the year, also a record. Mexico reported its driest (and hottest) year since the start of its record in 1950. In alignment with hot and prolonged dry conditions, Canada experienced its worst national wildfire season on record. Approximately 15 million hectares burned across the country, which was more than double the previous record from 1989. Smoke from the fires were transported far into the United States and even to western European countries. August to October 2023 was the driest three-month period in Australia in the 104-year record. Millions of hectares of bushfires burned for weeks in the Northern Territory. In South America, extreme drought developed in the latter half of the year through the Amazon basin. By the end of October, the Rio Negro at Manaus, a major tributary of the Amazon River, fell to its lowest water level since records began in 1902. The transition from La Niña to El Niño helped bring relief to the prolonged drought conditions in equatorial eastern Africa. However, El Niño along with positive Indian Ocean dipole conditions also contributed to excessive rainfall that resulted in devastating floods over southeastern Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya during October to December that displaced around 1.5 million people. On 5 September, the town of Zagora, Greece, broke a national record for highest daily rainfall (754 mm in 21 hours, after which the station ceased reporting) due to Storm Daniel; this one-day accumulation was close to Zagora’s normal annual total.
Fichiers liés :
bams-2024BAMSStateoftheClimate_Intro.1.pdf
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