Philippe JEAN-PIERRE

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• Type de publi. : Article dans une revue
• Date de publi. : 01/01/2001
• Auteurs : Yann H. KerrPhilippe WaldteufelWigneron J.-P.J. MartinuzziJ. FontM. Berger
• Organismes : Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère Service d'aéronomie Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] European Space Research Institute
• Publié dans IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing le 31/10/2020

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Résumé : Microwave radiometry at low frequencies (L-band: 1.4 GHz, 21 cm) is an established technique for estimating surface soil moisture and sea surface salinity with a suitable sensitivity. However, from space, large antennas (several meters) are required to achieve an adequate spatial resolution at L-band. So as to reduce the problem of putting into orbit a large filled antenna, the possibility of using antenna synthesis methods has been investigated. Such a system, relying on a deployable structure, has now proved to be feasible and has led to the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, which is described. The main objective of the SMOS mission is to deliver key variables of the land surfaces (soil moisture fields), and of ocean surfaces (sea surface salinity fields). The SMOS mission is based on a dual polarized L-band radiometer using aperture synthesis (two-dimensional [2D] interferometer) so as to achieve a ground resolution of 50 km at the swath edges coupled with multiangular acquisitions. The radiometer will enable frequent and global coverage of the globe and deliver surface soil moisture fields over land and sea surface salinity over the oceans. The SMOS mission was proposed to the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the Earth Explorer Opportunity Missions. It was selected for a tentative launch in 2005. The goal of this paper is to present the main aspects of the baseline mission and describe how soil moisture will be retrieved from SMOS data.

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• Type de publi. : Article dans une revue
• Date de publi. : 01/01/2001
• Auteurs : Pierre KernJean-Philippe BergerPierre HaguenauerFabien MalbetKarine Perraut
• Organismes : Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique Capteurs Systèmes Optiques de mesure Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
• Publié dans Comptes Rendus. Physique le 30/10/2020

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Résumé : Integrated optics (IO) is an optical technology that allows to reproduce optical circuits on a planar substrate. Since 1996, we have investigated the potentiality of IO in the framework of astronomical single mode interferometry. We review in this paper the principles of IO, the requirements for interferometry and the corresponding solutions offered by IO, the results of component characterization and the possible fields of application.

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Fichiers liés : cras-ionic.pdf

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• Type de publi. : Communication dans un congrès
• Date de publi. : 01/01/2001
• Auteurs : Sinan HaliyoYves RollotStéphane RégnierPhilippe BidaudJean-Claude Guinot
• Organismes : Laboratoire de Robotique de Paris Laboratoire de Robotique de Paris Laboratoire de Robotique de Paris Laboratoire de Robotique de Paris Laboratoire de Robotique de Paris

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• Type de publi. : Ouvrage (y compris édition critique et traduction)
• Date de publi. : 01/01/2001
• Auteurs : Jean-Pierre Le CromPhilippe-Jean Hesse
• Organismes : Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Ange-Guépin Droit et changement social

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• Type de publi. : Communication dans un congrès
• Date de publi. : 01/01/2001
• Auteurs : Pierre BouletJean-Luc DekeyserFlorent DevinPhilippe Marquet
• Organismes : Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille Contributions of the Data parallelism to real time Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille Contributions of the Data parallelism to real time Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille Contributions of the Data parallelism to real time

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Résumé : Gaspard is a visual programming environment devoted to the development and control of scientific parallel applications. par The two paradigms of parallel programming (task and data parallelism) are mixed in Gaspard: a hierarchy of task graphs operates on array flows. These two levels are mixed in a common metaphor. An application is designed as a printed circuit: the programmer specifies tasks as boards or chips and instantiates tasks by plugging them into slots. par The number crunching applications developped using Gaspard are deployed on metacomputing platforms. The visual specification of the application mapping may be dynamically modified at runtime according to the information provided by Gaspard.

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• Type de publi. : Article dans une revue
• Date de publi. : 01/01/2001
• Auteurs : Jean-Philippe BoulangerChristophe Menkes
• Organismes : Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie
• Publié dans Climate Dynamics le 30/10/2020

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Résumé : The present study aims to give a quantitative description of the role played by long equatorial waves on sea surface temperature anomalies during the 1993-1998 TOPEX/POSEIDON period and more specifically during the 1997-1998 El Niño using a new Pacific Ocean model called Trident. In a companion paper, the Trident dynamical component was described and validated with observations. Briefly, the model exhibits skill in simulating not only sea level but also surface zonal current variability in the equatorial wave guide. Here the model thermodynamics are described and validated. The thermodynamics of Trident consist of one single equation for interannual sea surface temperature anomalies. Compared to other similar models, the introduction in the temperature equation of a term equivalent to a vertical mixing term improves significantly the temperature simulations in the eastern Pacific. Thus the model comparison to interannual sea level, zonal current and sea surface temperature anomalies is fairly good over the entire equatorial Pacific Ocean. The model is found to be sensitive to both subsurface variability (central and eastern Pacific) and to zonal current advection, especially near the dateline where the data suggest that advection is a first order process for determining sea surface temperature changes. The role of long equatorial wave reflection observed in TOPEX/POSEIDON data is studied by either cancelling the eastern boundary or western boundary reflection. First, at the eastern boundary, although the reflected Rossby waves were found to act against the warming during the onset phase of the 1997-1998 El Niño through zonal advection, the major impact of these reflected Rossby waves was to reinforce the deepening of the thermocline in the eastern Pacific initiated by the impinging Kelvin waves. Therefore, all things considered, the Rossby waves strongly contributed to the warming in 1997-1998 east of 120°W. Secondly, at the western boundary, Rossby wave reflection acted as suggested by the delayed action oscillator theory: the reflected Kelvin waves caused shoalling of the thermocline in the central and eastern Pacific where they weakened the warm or cold conditions observed in the Pacific Ocean. During the 1997-1998 event specifically, they contributed to about a third of the upwelling Kelvin wave amplitude propagating in the central Pacific. The other two thirds of the amplitude were found to be actually wind-forced, strongly suggesting that during that event easterly wind anomalies in the western Pacific played a significant role in the termination of the recent 1997-1998 El Niño event and its switch to the La Niña period.

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• Type de publi. : Article dans une revue
• Date de publi. : 01/01/2001
• Auteurs : Olivier AumontJames OrrPatrick MonfrayWolfgang LudwigPhilippe Amiotte-SuchetJean-Luc Probst
• Organismes : Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] Centre de formation et de recherche en environnement marin Microbiologie des sols-GéoSol Laboratoire des Mécanismes et Transfert en Géologie
• Publié dans Global Biogeochemical Cycles le 25/10/2020

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Résumé : Controversy surrounds the role of the ocean in interhemispheric transport of carbon. On one hand, observations in the atmosphere and in the ocean both seem to imply that the preindustrial ocean transported up to 1 Pg C yr($^{-1}$) from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere. On the other hand, three dimensional (3-D) ocean models suggest that global interhemispheric transport of carbon is near zero. However, in this debate, there has been a general neglect of the river carbon loop. The river carbon loop includes (1) uptake of atmospheric carbon due to inorganic and organic erosion on land, (2) transport of carbon by rivers, (3) subsequent transport of riverine carbon by the ocean, and (4) loss of riverine carbon back to the atmosphere by air-sea gas exchange. Although carbon fluxes from rivers are small compared to natural fluxes, they have the potential to contribute substantially to the net air-sea fluxes of CO$_2$. For insight into this dilemma, we coupled carbon fluxes from a global model of continental erosion to a 3-D global carbon-cycle model of the ocean. With rivers, total southward interhemispheric transport by the ocean increases from 0.1 to 0.35 $\pm$0.08 Pg Cyr($^{-1}$), in agreement with oceanographic observations. Resulting air-sea fluxes of riverine carbon and uptake of CO$_2$ by land erosion were installed as boundary conditions in a 3-D atmospheric model. The assymetry in these fluxes drives a preindustrial atmospheric gradient of CO$_2$ at the surface of -0.6 $\pm$ 0.1 $\mu$atm for the North Pole minus the South Pole and longitudinal variations that exceed 0.5 $\mu$atm. Conversely, the gradient for Mauna Loa minus South Pole is only -0.2 $\pm$ 0.1 $\mu$atm, much less than the -0.8 $\mu$atm gradient extrapolated linearly from historical atmospheric CO$_2$ measurements from the same two sites. The difference may be explained by the role of the terrestrial biosphere. Regardless, the river loop produces large gradients both meridionally and zonally. Accounting for the river carbon loop changes current estimates of the regional distribution of sources and sinks of CO$_2$, particularly concerning partitioning between natural and anthropogenic processes.

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Fichiers liés : aum1.pdf

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• Type de publi. : Article dans une revue
• Date de publi. : 01/01/2001
• Auteurs : Emmanuelle GrosjeanJacques PoinsotArmelle Charrié-DuhautStéphanie TabuteauJean TrendelP. SchaefferJacques ConnanDaniel DessortPierre AlbrechtP. Adam
• Organismes : Chimie de la matière complexe Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes Chimie de la matière complexe Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg
• Publié dans Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 le 26/10/2020

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Résumé : We report here on the identification of two novel hexacyclic alkanes (C33 and C35) occurring in bitumen. The C35 compound 1 was identified by comparison with a standard obtained by synthesis involving a biomimetic proton-induced extensive cyclisation of an acyclic heptaprenoid. This cascade cyclisation allows the formation of eleven asymmetric centres present in the natural compound in only one step. The C33 analogue 2 was identified by NMR studies after isolation from the saturated hydrocarbon fraction of a bituminous rock. Both compounds are “orphan” molecular fossils of biological lipids of unknown origin formed by the extensive cyclisation of higher regular polyprenoids.

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• Type de publi. : Autre publication
• Date de publi. : 01/01/2001
• Auteurs : Thierry OberdorffDidier PontB. HuguenyPhilippe BoëtJean-Pierre PorcherDaniel Chessel
• Organismes : Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle Université de Lyon Université de Lyon Qualité et fonctionnement hydrologique des systèmes aquatiques Conseil supérieur de la pêche Université de Lyon

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Résumé : La gestion des écosystèmes aquatiques et l'évaluation de leur qualité implique l'utilisation de paramètres biologiques. Parmi les indicateurs potentiels, les peuplements de poissons peuvent apporter une information originale en raison de la capacité qu'ont ces organismes à intégrer la variabilité environnementale à différentes échelles spatiales. Dans ce contexte, les Agences de l'Eau, le Ministère de l'Environnement et le Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche ont lancé conjointement un programme national d'adaptation d'un indice biotique fondé sur les peuplements de poissons applicable à l'ensemble du réseau hydrographique (1997-2000). Adapter ce type d'indice à une échelle spatiale telle que le réseau hydrographique national nécessite la prise en compte des facteurs environmentaux majeurs responsables des variations des peuplements en conditions naturelles. La démarche adoptée pour l'établissement de l'indice a été la suivante : 1) nous avons élaboré un référentiel permettant de décrire un peuplement " théorique " pour une situation environnementale donnée pouvant se rencontrer dans un cours d'eau dit "témoin" ; 2) nous avons découpé le peuplement " théorique " en " métriques " fonctionnelles prenant en compte l'occurrence et l'abondances des espèces ; 3) concernant les métriques fondées sur l'abondance nous avons élaboré des modèles statistiques intégrant l'ensemble des facteurs environnementaux ; 4) nous avons validé les différentes métriques sur un jeu de données indépendant de sites " témoins " ; 5) nous avons testé la réponse de chacune des métriques aux perturbations à l'aide d'un jeu de données de sites "perturbés", pour finalement élaborer l'indice poisson. Cet indice devrait être susceptible de fournir une évaluation pertinente de la qualité écologique des hydrosystèmes fluviaux.

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• Type de publi. : Article dans une revue
• Date de publi. : 01/01/2001
• Auteurs : Alain AppriouAndré AyounSalem BenferhatPhilippe BesnardIsabelle BlochLaurence CholvyRoger M. CookeFrederic CuppensDidier DuboisHélène FargierMichel GrabischR KruseAntony HunterJérôme LangS MoralHenri PradeAlessandro SaffiottiPhilippe SmetsClaudio Sossai
• Organismes : ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Châtillon] Thomson-CSF Laboratoire Central de Recherches Argumentation, Décision, Raisonnement, Incertitude et Apprentissage Argumentation, Décision, Raisonnement, Incertitude et Apprentissage Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l'Information Département Traitement du Signal et des Images ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Toulouse] Delft University of Technology ONERA - The French Aerospace Lab [Toulouse] Argumentation, Décision, Raisonnement, Incertitude et Apprentissage Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Argumentation, Décision, Raisonnement, Incertitude et Apprentissage Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Systèmes d'aide à la décision et à la formation Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg = Otto-von-Guericke University [Magdeburg] University College London [UCL] Argumentation, Décision, Raisonnement, Incertitude et Apprentissage Universidad de Granada = University of Granada Argumentation, Décision, Raisonnement, Incertitude et Apprentissage Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Örebro universitet = Örebro University Institut de Recherches interdisciplinaires et de Développements en Intelligence Artificielle [Bruxelles] Istituto di Ingegneria Biomedica
• Publié dans International Journal of Intelligent Systems le 31/10/2020

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Résumé : The problem of combining pieces of information issued from several sources can be encountered in various fields of application. This paper aims at presenting the different aspects of information fusion in different domains, such as databases, regulations, preferences, sensor fusion, etc., at a quite general level. We first present different types of information encountered in fusion problems, and different aims of the fusion process. Then we focus on representation issues which are relevant when discussing fusion problems. An important issue is then addressed, the handling of conflicting information. We briefly review different domains where fusion is involved, and describe how the fusion problems are stated in each domain. Since the term fusion can have different, more or less broad, meanings, we specify later some terminology with respect to related problems, that might be included in a broad meaning of fusion. Finally we briefly discuss the difficult aspects of validation and evaluation.

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Fichiers liés : Fusion_general concepts and characteristics.pdf

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